PharmEasy Blog

Are Migraines Hereditary? A Closer Look At The Research And Facts

Key Highlights:

Introduction

Did you know millions suffer from migraines all around the globe? If you’ve experienced migraines, chances are some family members have too. So, one can’t help but wonder, are migraines handed down through genes? In this blog, we investigate the facts and current research about migraines and their genetic link.

As we go along, we’ll know about what migraines are, the stages, common symptoms, and probable genetic causes. We’ll also check out the myriad of treatment possibilities for those dealing with migraines. Are there any burning questions you might have about migraines and their hereditary nature? We got you covered.

Understanding Migraines

Migraines aren’t just intense headaches. They are more complex. This neurological ailment can bring on various crippling symptoms. Understanding these will help in better management and treatment.

1. What is a Migraine?

A migraine is a neurological ailment known for moderate to severe throbbing pain. It usually affects one side of the head. Other symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and light and sound sensitivity may follow.

2. The different stages of a migraine

A migraine usually goes through four distinct stages: prodrome, aura, attack, and post-drome. It’s worth noting not everyone experiences each of these stages.

An aura often occurs 10 to 15 minutes before the headache but can occur just a few minutes to 24 hours before. A headache does not always follow an aura.

3. Common symptoms

Aside from these stages, migraines can come with other symptoms.

The headaches usually:

Symptoms may linger, even after the migraine goes away. This is called a migraine hangover. Symptoms can include:

4. When to see a doctor

If migraines may be a problem for you, it’s crucial to seek medical advice. Particularly, make sure to get urgent care for headaches that:

Although stress is an inevitable part of life, one may reduce the frequency and intensity of migraines by changing your lifestyle to manage your stress. I recommend one may indulge in regular physical activities like walking, exercise and meditation to relax the body and vent out all the stress. and keep migraines at bay.

Dr. Siddharth Gupta, B.A.M.S, M.D

Causes and Triggers of Migraines

Why do migraines happen? We don’t know the exact cause just yet. But, it seems a mix of genetic and environmental factors set off migraines. Day-to-day life brings a lot of internal and external triggers into the picture.

1. Possible causes of migraines

Possible causation theories for migraines include blood vessel function, hormones like estrogen, inflammation of blood vessels, or ion channels in the brain controlling electrical activity. Serotonin, a type of neurotransmitter, also plays a role in managing pain response.

2. Migraine triggers

What might set off a migraine varies from person to person. Triggers can include:

Environmental triggers:

Dietary triggers:

3. Lifestyle factors:

4. Risk factors for developing migraines

Some risk factors may increase the chances of getting migraines, like:

5. Complications and associated conditions

Some people with migraines may be more prone to suffering from related conditions like:

In my opinion, it seems reasonable to start with your diet when looking for natural migraine cures. Small, frequent meals may help manage migraines and maintain stable blood sugar levels. Try a Mediterranean diet, which is rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, lean meats like turkey and chicken that are free-range, and healthy fats like olive oil, nuts, and seeds.

Dr. Rajeev Singh, BAMS

Understanding the hereditary aspect

People with a family history have an increased chance of getting migraines.

1. Inheritance patterns:

2. Migraine episodes versus headaches:

3. Benefits of knowing the genetic link to migraines

Knowing the genetic connection can help prepare for migraines better.

Diagnosis:

If you have migraines or a family history of migraines, a specialist trained in treating headaches, known as a neurologist, will likely diagnose migraines based on your medical history, symptoms, and a physical and neurological examination.

If your condition is unusual, complex or suddenly becomes severe, tests to rule out other causes for your pain might include:

An MRI scan:

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan uses a powerful magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain and blood vessels. MRI scans help diagnose tumours, strokes, bleeding in the brain, infections, and other brain and nervous systems, known as neurological conditions.

A CT scan

A computerized tomography (CT) scan uses a series of X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the brain. This helps diagnose tumours, infections, brain damage, bleeding in the brain and other possible medical problems that may be causing headaches.

Treatment Options for Migraines

There are many ways to treat migraines, right from meds for acute symptoms to methods aimed at cutting down the number and severity of attacks.

Integrative treatments and therapies

Treatments that can provide relief. These include:

When to consult a doctor for treatment options

If you feel you might have migraines, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional. They can diagnose your condition and suggest the right treatment. Don’t forget to revisit your healthcare provider if your current treatment isn’t helping enough or if symptoms persist or get worse.

Also Read: Thunderclap Headache: Causes, Symptoms, and Research-Based Solutions

Conclusion

Research indicates a strong hereditary link to migraines. However, the link between genes and migraines is complex and not fully clear. Migraine is a result of both gene-based risk and environmental factors. Everyone’s unique triggers also play a role in this complexity.

Knowing about the genetic link can make for better, individualized treatment plans. It can lead to earlier trigger identification and more personalized preventive steps. Those suffering from migraines should work closely with their healthcare provider. Together they can come up with the best way to manage this intricate and often debilitating condition.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Are migraines inherited from the mother or father?

Migraine genes from either parent can affect the child. If one parent has migraines, the child has a 50% chance. If both parents have them, the chance goes up to 75%.

At what age do migraines commonly start?

Migraines often start during the teen years. They are most common in the 30s and tend to get less severe and frequent with age.

What is the root cause of migraines?

We don’t have a sure-fire answer yet. But it seems a mix of genetic and environmental factors brings on the condition.

Do migraines skip generations?

The inheritance pattern of migraines isn’t clear yet. But due to their complex nature, migraines can skip a generation.

Can lifestyle changes help in managing migraines with a genetic link?

Yes, lifestyle changes can help manage migraines, regardless of a genetic link. Reducing stress, sleeping well, staying hydrated, and eating regular, balanced meals can lessen the chances of getting a migraine. They might also reduce the severity and number of times one suffers from this.

How do I know if I have chronic migraine?

Chronic migraine means you have migraines at least eight times per month for at least three months. Because migraines are disruptive and this condition causes them to happen frequently, experts consider chronic migraine a very disabling condition, meaning it keeps you from doing certain things.

Do migraines cause permanent brain damage? If I have migraines, does that mean I’ll get another disease?

No. Migraines don’t cause brain damage. There is a tiny risk of stroke in people who get migraines with aura – 1 or 2 people out of 100,000.

Can children get migraines?

Yes, but pediatric migraines are often shorter and there are more stomach symptoms.

How often do migraines happen?

The frequency of a migraine could be once a year, once a week or any amount of time in between. Having two to four migraine headaches per month is the most common.

References:

  1. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). A Comparison of the Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes (CaMEO) Study and American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study: Demographics and Headache-Related Disability [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27349336
  2. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genetics of Migraine: Insights into the Molecular Basis of Migraine Disorders [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28271496
  3. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Exploring the Hereditary Nature of Migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8075356
  4. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Familial Hemiplegic Migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1388
  5. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Medication for migraines [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279371
  6. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine Headache [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Genetics Basics [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/about/basics.htm
  8. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine Medications [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553159
  9. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). dbSNP [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/?term=rs7684253
  10. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). dbSNP [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/?term=rs8087942
  11. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine remains second among the world’s causes of disability, and first among young women: findings from GBD2019 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33267788
  12. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine remains second among the world’s causes of disability, and first among young women: findings from GBD2019 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7708887
  13. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Prevalence and sex-ratio of the subtypes of migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7672904
  14. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Increased familial risk and evidence of genetic factor in migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7663209
  15. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Increased familial risk and evidence of genetic factor in migraine. [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2550605
  16. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Familial migraine with and without aura: clinical characteristics and co-occurrence [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11554907
  17. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Advance in genetics of migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30883436
  18. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Advance in genetics of migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6522206
  19. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). One hundred years of migraine research: major clinical and scientific observations from 1910 to 2010 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21521208
  20. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine pathophysiology: lessons from mouse models and human genetics [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25496898
  21. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Evidence of a genetic factor in migraine with aura: a population-based Danish twin study [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9989627
  22. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The relative role of genetic and environmental factors in migraine without aura [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10496258
  23. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Meta-analysis of 375,000 individuals identifies 38 susceptibility loci for migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27322543
  24. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Meta-analysis of 375,000 individuals identifies 38 susceptibility loci for migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5331903
  25. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Heritability enrichment of specifically expressed genes identifies disease-relevant tissues and cell types [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29632380
  26. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Heritability enrichment of specifically expressed genes identifies disease-relevant tissues and cell types [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5896795
  27. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide association study of migraine implicates a common susceptibility variant on 8q22.1 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20802479
  28. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide association study of migraine implicates a common susceptibility variant on 8q22.1 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948563
  29. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide association study reveals three susceptibility loci for common migraine in the general population [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21666692
  30. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide Association Study Reveals Three Susceptibility Loci for Common Migraine in the General Population [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3125402
  31. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide association analysis identifies susceptibility loci for migraine without aura [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22683712
  32. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide association analysis identifies susceptibility loci for migraine without aura [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773912
  33. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new susceptibility loci for migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23793025
  34. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new susceptibility loci for migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4041123
  35. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Detection and interpretation of shared genetic influences on 42 human traits [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27182965
  36. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Detection and interpretation of shared genetic influences on 42 human traits [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5207801
  37. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide association study identifies novel susceptibility loci for migraine in Han Chinese resided in Taiwan [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28952330
  38. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Common variants at 5q33.1 predispose to migraine in African-American children [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30266756
  39. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Taking the negative view of current migraine treatments: the unmet needs [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22519921
  40. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Lasmiditan is an effective acute treatment for migraine: A phase 3 randomized study [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30446595
  41. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Lasmiditan is an effective acute treatment for migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6329326
  42. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29523342
  43. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Effect of Ubrogepant vs Placebo on Pain and the Most Bothersome Associated Symptom in the Acute Treatment of Migraine: The ACHIEVE II Randomized Clinical Trial [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31742631
  44. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Effect of Ubrogepant vs Placebo on Pain and the Most Bothersome Associated Symptom in the Acute Treatment of Migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6865323
  45. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide: a new era in migraine therapy [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31668411
  46. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered atogepant for the prevention of episodic migraine in adults: a double-blind, randomised phase 2b/3 trial [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32822633
  47. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Low LDL cholesterol in individuals of African descent resulting from frequent nonsense mutations in PCSK9 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15654334
  48. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Loss-of-function mutations in SLC30A8 protect against type 2 diabetes [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24584071
  49. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Loss-of-function mutations in SLC30A8 protect against type 2 diabetes [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4051628
  50. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26414676
  51. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). An Atlas of Genetic Correlations across Human Diseases and Traits [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4797329
  52. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism in 449,484 individuals identifies novel genetic loci and pathways [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29942085
  53. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Common schizophrenia alleles are enriched in mutation-intolerant genes and in regions under strong background selection [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29483656
  54. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Common schizophrenia alleles are enriched in mutation-intolerant genes and in regions under strong background selection [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5918692
  55. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30718901
  56. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6522363
  57. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25642630
  58. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). LD Score Regression Distinguishes Confounding from Polygenicity in Genome-Wide Association Studies [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4495769
  59. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27268795
  60. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4893825
  61. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Partitioning heritability by functional annotation using genome-wide association summary statistics [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26414678
  62. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Partitioning heritability by functional annotation using genome-wide association summary statistics [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626285
  63. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Linkage disequilibrium-dependent architecture of human complex traits shows action of negative selection [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28892061
  64. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Linkage disequilibrium dependent architecture of human complex traits shows action of negative selection [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6133304
  65. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29184056
  66. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705698
  67. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Probabilistic fine-mapping of transcriptome-wide association studies [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30926970
  68. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Probabilistic fine-mapping of transcriptome-wide association studies [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6619422
  69. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Exploring the phenotypic consequences of tissue specific gene expression variation inferred from GWAS summary statistics [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29739930
  70. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Exploring the phenotypic consequences of tissue specific gene expression variation inferred from GWAS summary statistics [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5940825
  71. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Bayesian test for colocalisation between pairs of genetic association studies using summary statistics [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24830394
  72. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Bayesian Test for Colocalisation between Pairs of Genetic Association Studies Using Summary Statistics [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4022491
  73. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Therapeutic novelties in migraine: new drugs, new hope? [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30995909
  74. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Therapeutic novelties in migraine: new drugs, new hope? [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6734360
  75. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women: prospective cohort study [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27247281
  76. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women: prospective cohort study [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4887613
  77. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28536104
  78. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5441081
  79. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine and risk of cardiovascular diseases: Danish population based matched cohort study [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29386181
  80. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine and risk of cardiovascular diseases: Danish population based matched cohort study [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791041
  81. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Cross-trait analyses with migraine reveal widespread pleiotropy and suggest a vascular component to migraine headache [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32306029
  82. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Cross-trait analyses with migraine reveal widespread pleiotropy and suggest a vascular component to migraine headache [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7394956
  83. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). A genome-wide cross-phenotype meta-analysis of the association of blood pressure with migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32632093
  84. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). A genome-wide cross-phenotype meta-analysis of the association of blood pressure with migraine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7338361
  85. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Association analyses based on false discovery rate implicate new loci for coronary artery disease [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28714975
  86. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Mixed-model association for biobank-scale datasets [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29892013
  87. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Mixed model association for biobank-scale data sets [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6309610
  88. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Biological interpretation of genome-wide association studies using predicted gene functions [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25597830
  89. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). MAGMA: generalized gene-set analysis of GWAS data [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25885710
  90. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). MAGMA: Generalized Gene-Set Analysis of GWAS Data [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4401657
  91. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Schizophrenia genetics comes of age [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25144873
  92. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Common Variant Burden Contributes to the Familial Aggregation of Migraine in 1,589 Families [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29731251
  93. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Common variant burden contributes to the familial aggregation of migraine in 1,589 families [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967411
  94. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Selectivity in genetic association with sub-classified migraine in women [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24852292
  95. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Selectivity in Genetic Association with Sub-classified Migraine in Women [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031047
  96. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Concordance of genetic risk across migraine subgroups: Impact on current and future genetic association studies [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25179292
  97. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2 are caused by mutations in the Ca2+ channel gene CACNL1A4 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8898206
  98. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Gene-based pleiotropy across migraine with aura and migraine without aura patient groups [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26660531
  99. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Neurovascular contributions to migraine: Moving beyond vasodilation [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27312704
  100. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Neurovascular mechanisms of migraine and cluster headache [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28948863
  101. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Neurovascular mechanisms of migraine and cluster headache [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446418
  102. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine and cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms of interaction [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19470970
  103. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine and cardiovascular disease [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690985
  104. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Shared genetic basis for migraine and ischemic stroke: A genome-wide analysis of common variants [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25934857
  105. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Shared genetic basis for migraine and ischemic stroke [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4451048
  106. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genetic analysis for a shared biological basis between migraine and coronary artery disease [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27066539
  107. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genetic analysis for a shared biological basis between migraine and coronary artery disease [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821079
  108. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events: a meta-analysis of 16 cohort studies including 1 152 407 subjects [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29593023
  109. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events: a meta-analysis of 16 cohort studies including 1 152 407 subjects [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5875642
  110. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Effect of genetic liability to migraine on coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation: a Mendelian randomization study [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31661179
  111. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The pathophysiology of migraine: implications for clinical management [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29229375
  112. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine: multiple processes, complex pathophysiology [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25926442
  113. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Migraine: Multiple Processes, Complex Pathophysiology [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4412887
  114. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Mechanisms of migraine as a chronic evolutive condition [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31870279
  115. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Mechanisms of migraine as a chronic evolutive condition [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6929435
  116. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Origin of pain in migraine: evidence for peripheral sensitisation [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19539239
  117. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The influence of estrogen on migraine: a systematic review [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16622144
  118. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Sex and the migraine brain [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24662368
  119. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Sex and the Migraine Brain [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4171725
  120. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Male and female sex hormones in primary headaches [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30497379
  121. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Male and female sex hormones in primary headaches [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6755575
  122. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). CGRP antibodies for migraine prevention – new kids on the block [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30710130
  123. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Pharmacological treatment of migraine: CGRP and 5-HT beyond the triptans [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32173558
  124. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The support of human genetic evidence for approved drug indications [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26121088
  125. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Are drug targets with genetic support twice as likely to be approved? Revised estimates of the impact of genetic support for drug mechanisms on the probability of drug approval [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31830040
  126. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Are drug targets with genetic support twice as likely to be approved? Revised estimates of the impact of genetic support for drug mechanisms on the probability of drug approval [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6907751
  127. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Opportunities and challenges for transcriptome-wide association studies [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30926968
  128. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Opportunities and challenges for transcriptome-wide association studies [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777347
  129. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30104761
  130. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6119127
  131. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Chromosome X-wide association study identifies Loci for fasting insulin and height and evidence for incomplete dosage compensation [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24516404
  132. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Chromosome X-Wide Association Study Identifies Loci for Fasting Insulin and Height and Evidence for Incomplete Dosage Compensation [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3916240
  133. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). FINEMAP: efficient variable selection using summary data from genome-wide association studies [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26773131
  134. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). FINEMAP: efficient variable selection using summary data from genome-wide association studies [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4866522
  135. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Systematic identification of trans eQTLs as putative drivers of known disease associations [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24013639
  136. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Systematic identification of trans -eQTLs as putative drivers of known disease associations [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991562
  137. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Identification of context-dependent expression quantitative trait loci in whole blood [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27918533
  138. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genetic variability in the regulation of gene expression in ten regions of the human brain [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25174004
  139. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genetic variability in the regulation of gene expression in ten regions of the human brain [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4208299
  140. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Mapping cis- and trans-regulatory effects across multiple tissues in twins [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22941192
  141. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Mapping cis – and trans -regulatory effects across multiple tissues in twins [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784328
  142. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). An xQTL map integrates the genetic architecture of the human brain’s transcriptome and epigenome [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28869584
  143. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). An xQTL map integrates the genetic architecture of the human brain’s transcriptome and epigenome [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5785926
  144. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Gene expression elucidates functional impact of polygenic risk for schizophrenia [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27668389
  145. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Gene Expression Elucidates Functional Impact of Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5083142
  146. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Large-scale cis- and trans-eQTL analyses identify thousands of genetic loci and polygenic scores that regulate blood gene expression [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=34475573
  147. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Large-scale cis – and trans -eQTL analyses identify thousands of genetic loci and polygenic scores that regulate blood gene expression [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8432599
  148. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). A compendium of uniformly processed human gene expression and splicing quantitative trait loci [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=34493866
  149. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). A compendium of uniformly processed human gene expression and splicing quantitative trait loci [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8423625
  150. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms on Human Immune Cell Gene Expression [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30449622
  151. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Impact of genetic polymorphisms on human immune cell gene expression [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6289654
  152. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies celltype-specific cis-eQTLs and co-expression QTLs [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29610479
  153. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies cell type-specific cis -eQTLs and co-expression QTLs [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5905669
  154. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Comprehensive functional genomic resource and integrative model for the human brain [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30545857
  155. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Comprehensive functional genomic resource and integrative model for the human brain [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6413328
  156. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Bayesian meta-analysis across genome-wide association studies of diverse phenotypes [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30920090
  157. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). metaCCA: summary statistics-based multivariate meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies using canonical correlation analysis [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27153689
  158. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). metaCCA: summary statistics-based multivariate meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies using canonical correlation analysis [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920109
  159. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Molecular signatures database (MSigDB) 3.0 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21546393
  160. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Molecular signatures database (MSigDB) 3.0 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3106198
  161. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16199517
  162. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1239896
  163. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The UCSC Genome Browser Database: update 2006 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16381938
  164. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Heidi%20Hautakangas
  165. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Bendik%20S.%20Winsvold
  166. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Sanni%20E.%20Ruotsalainen
  167. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Gyda%20Bjornsdottir
  168. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Aster%20V.%20E.%20Harder
  169. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Lisette%20J.%20A.%20Kogelman
  170. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Laurent%20F.%20Thomas
  171. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Raymond%20Noordam
  172. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Christian%20Benner
  173. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Padhraig%20Gormley
  174. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ville%20Artto
  175. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Karina%20Banasik
  176. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Anna%20Bjornsdottir
  177. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Dorret%20I.%20Boomsma
  178. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ben%20M.%20Brumpton
  179. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Kristoffer%20S%C3%B8lvsten%20Burgdorf
  180. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Julie%20E.%20Buring
  181. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Mona%20Ameri%20Chalmer
  182. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Irene%20de%20Boer
  183. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Martin%20Dichgans
  184. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Christian%20Erikstrup
  185. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Markus%20F%C3%A4rkkil%C3%A4
  186. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide analysis of 102,084 migraine cases identifies 123 risk loci and subtype-specific risk alleles [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Maiken%20Elvestad%20Garbrielsen
  187. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Mohsen%20Ghanbari
  188. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Knut%20Hagen
  189. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Paavo%20H%C3%A4pp%C3%B6l%C3%A4
  190. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Jouke-Jan%20Hottenga
  191. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Maria%20G.%20Hrafnsdottir
  192. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Kristian%20Hveem
  193. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Marianne%20Bakke%20Johnsen
  194. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Mika%20K%C3%A4h%C3%B6nen
  195. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Espen%20S.%20Kristoffersen
  196. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Tobias%20Kurth
  197. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Terho%20Lehtim%C3%A4ki
  198. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genome-wide analysis of 102,084 migraine cases identifies 123 risk loci and subtype-specific risk alleles [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Lannie%20Lighart
  199. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Sigurdur%20H.%20Magnusson
  200. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Rainer%20Malik
  201. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ole%20Birger%20Pedersen
  202. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Nadine%20Pelzer
  203. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Brenda%20W.%20J.%20H.%20Penninx
  204. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Caroline%20Ran
  205. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Paul%20M.%20Ridker
  206. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Frits%20R.%20Rosendaal
  207. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Gudrun%20R.%20Sigurdardottir
  208. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Anne%20Heidi%20Skogholt
  209. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Olafur%20A.%20Sveinsson
  210. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Thorgeir%20E.%20Thorgeirsson
  211. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Henrik%20Ullum
  212. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Lisanne%20S.%20Vijfhuizen
  213. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Elisabeth%20Wid%C3%A9n
  214. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ko%20Willems%20van%20Dijk
  215. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Arpo%20Aromaa
  216. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Andrea%20Carmine%20Belin
  217. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Tobias%20Freilinger
  218. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=M.%20Arfan%20Ikram
  219. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Marjo-Riitta%20J%C3%A4rvelin
  220. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Olli%20T.%20Raitakari
  221. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Gisela%20M.%20Terwindt
  222. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Mikko%20Kallela
  223. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Maija%20Wessman
  224. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Jes%20Olesen
  225. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Daniel%20I.%20Chasman
  226. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Dale%20R.%20Nyholt
  227. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Hreinn%20Stef%C3%A1nsson
  228. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Kari%20Stefansson
  229. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Arn%20M.%20J.%20M.%20van%20den%20Maagdenberg
  230. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Thomas%20Folkmann%20Hansen
  231. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Samuli%20Ripatti
  232. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=John-Anker%20Zwart
  233. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Aarno%20Palotie
  234. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Search Page [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Matti%20Pirinen

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

Home Remedies For Headache By Dr. Siddharth Gupta

Introduction: 

Have you experienced pain in or around your head? A pain that feels like a tight band, or a throbbing pain; if yes, don’t worry. We all experience headaches at various times in our lives. Headaches are the most common form of pain and can make you miss a day at work or school.1  

A headache can have many causes, and it is important to understand the cause to treat it. Headaches are usually not related to any serious illness. However, if you experience headaches along with other symptoms, it may be an indication of a serious condition.2 In such cases, it is important that you reach out to your healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis.  

However, for less severe headaches, you can use some home remedies. Continue reading to know more about the possible home remedies!  

What Causes Headache: 

When the pain receptors in your head or neck are stimulated, you might experience a headache. Many factors can stimulate the pain receptors, such as  

Also Read: Natural Home Remedies For Good Sleep

Symptoms of Headache: 

Pain in any part of your head can present in different ways depending upon the type of headache.  

Type of headache  Symptoms 
Tension  Pain feels like a tight band around your head 
Cluster  Pain strikes in a group.  
Migraine  Throbbing pain associated with Nausea and vomiting Visual disturbances  Numbness   

If you suffer from a persistent or recurring headache, do consult a physician as it can be an early warning sign of more complicated and serious health issues such as stroke, infection, or high blood pressure, especially if it is associated with breathing difficulties, stiffness in the neck or skin rashes.

Dr. Ashish Bajaj, M.B.B.S., M.D. in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology

Table 1: Symptoms of different types of headaches2 

Also Read: Home Remedies For Flu By Dr. Rajeev Singh

Home Remedies for Headache: 

Here are some remedies for headache you can try at home.  

1. Butterbur  

Butterbur has a long history of use in fever, wound healing, and muscle spasms. Butterbur root might also be recommended for headaches and migraines. However, butterbur may be associated with side effects like gas and other stomach problems. Also, the use of butterbur should be strictly avoided during pregnancy.3 You may take butterbur powder with a glass of water to reduce the intensity of your headache.  

2. Caffeine  

Caffeine, in the form of coffee, tea and guarana berries, may be used to relieve migraines and headaches. The analgesic (pain relieving) properties of caffeine have been observed in lab studies. However, caffeine should be used cautiously as it can  induce headaches in some people as indicated by a study.3  You may use guarana powder to make tea by boiling some powder in a cup of water. Then, you can sip on this tea to relieve headaches.     

3. Chamomile  

Chamomile has a history of being used for relieving headaches. However, there is insufficient scientific evidence supporting its use. You can take chamomile in the form of tea. Boil some chamomile in water. You can also add honey for taste. You may also inhale chamomile oil using a vaporizer to get relief.3  

4. Peppermint 

Studies supporting the use of peppermint in headaches are insufficient. Inhaling the aroma of peppermint or peppermint oil may help with headaches according to some studies.3 According to other studies, peppermint tea might help. To make peppermint tea, boil few peppermint leaves in water and let it steep in for a while. You can strain this mixture into a cup and add honey for taste. Your peppermint tea is ready to drink. Sipping this peppermint tea may help decrease your headache.    

5. Lifestyle changes  

Making some lifestyle changes can help you manage headaches better. You can start with these practices to help you get rid of headaches.  

Dehydration is one of the causes of headaches. Drinking plenty of water may help you avoid dehydration that might cause headache. 

Strain on your eyes or some eye condition can also lead to headaches. Therefore, it is important to get your eyes tested. You should also limit your screen time to avoid unwanted  strain.  

Eating a healthy diet is the key to maintaining overall health. It may also help manage headaches.  

Exercise is another way to stay fit and active. It may also help you reduce stress and help manage headaches caused by stress. 2 

Also Read: Evening Primrose Oil Benefits: A Research-Based Guide to Health Improvements

6. Avoid triggers 

Foods, drinks or drugs that may bring out a headache are triggers. You can avoid these triggers to help you get rid of headaches. However, you will need to keep track of your headaches to identify the triggers that might be causing your headaches.2   

7. Try relaxation techniques 

Stress is an important factor responsible for headaches. You can try some relaxation techniques to reduce stress and the headaches associated with it. There are many relaxation techniques, for example, yoga, meditation or massage. You can also try to relax in a warm bath.2 Choose a technique that works best for you.  

8. Sleep is your friend  

Exhaustion and long working hours are major causes for headaches. To make the best use of short breaksand improve your efficiency, you can try lying down in a quiet and dark room and catch up on some sleep.2,4  Sleep is a good way to relax, regain strength and feel refreshed when you wake up.  

Though studies show the benefits of the given herbs and home remedies for headaches, these are insufficient. Therefore, there is a need for large-scale human studies to establish the true extent of the benefits of these home remedies on human health. Thus, these should only be taken cautiously and never as a substitute for medical treatment.  

Patients should be educated to become more aware of their headache symptoms and triggers. Interventions should be clearly explained to patients.

Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS, MD(Pediatrics)

Also Read: Home Remedies For Back Pain By Dr. Siddharth Gupta

When to Seek Medical Help:  

You need to seek medical help from a healthcare professional if you experience any of these symptoms along with your headache.  

Contact your healthcare provider if you are getting headaches regularly.2  

You must not rely on home remedies alone to treat headaches. Instead, you should consult a qualified doctor for advice on your condition if the symptoms do not improve with home remedies.   

The role of over-the-counter analgesics in medication overuse headaches must be explained to patients. Patients with all types of primary headaches have the potential to overuse analgesics. They should be counseled on the potential for frequent use of these medications to worsen the intensity and frequency of headaches.

Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS, MD(Pediatrics)

Also Read: Essential Oils for Headaches: A Research-Based Guide to Natural Relief

Conclusion: 

Headaches are a common occurrence and usually don’t signify anything serious unless accompanied with other symptoms. However, it can make life difficult by negatively affecting your ability to focus on work or any other tasks. You can use some home remedies to relieve headaches. Natural remedies like tea, coffee, chamomile and butterbur can be used to relieve headaches. However, you are advised not to solely depend on home remedies for headache treatment and consult your healthcare professional. It is important to find the cause of your headache to treat it properly. 

I remember a case where one middle age patient ignored his headache and was getting selfmedicated for alleviating the symptom ,he eventually suffered from stroke due to undiagnosed hypertension (which was the cause of his headache).Whenever someone is having headache especially in people above middle age they should visit their physician and get themselves checked so that some undue severe complication can be prevented.

Dr. Nikhil Yadav, MBBS MD,CCEBDM

Also Read: Best Home Remedies For Hypertension By Dr. Rajeev Singh 

Frequently Asked Questions: 

What are the home remedies for headache? 

Some natural remedies for headaches include coffee, tea, chamomile, and butterbur. You can also do a few relaxation techniques, such as yoga or meditation. Avoiding the triggers that might be causing the headache is another way to manage it. 2,3 If the home remedies don’t help, you can talk to your healthcare provider. Don’t rely on home remedies alone for headache treatment.  

What is the best remedy for headache? 

The best remedy for headaches depends on the cause of your headache. A headache caused by stress is best treated by stress management. Lifestyle changes might also help, such as proper diet and exercise. You can take help from your healthcare provider to understand the cause of your headache.4,5   

Can I use coffee to cure a headache? 

Evidence suggests that caffeine might help manage headaches and migraines. However, caffeine could also induce headaches in some people. Therefore, you need to exercise caution.3 The best cure will depend on the cause of headache. A doctor may help you with the diagnosis.  

Can I prevent headaches? 

Making lifestyle changes like proper diet, drinking plenty of water, and regular exercise may help with the long-term management of headaches. Avoiding triggers that might cause a headache is another way to prevent it. Some common triggers for headaches are: 
> Alcohol  
> Stress  
> Caffeine  
> Too much or lack of sleep 
> Hormonal changes in women 
> Bright light  
> Poor working conditions4  

References: 

1. MedlinePlus. Headache [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 13]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/headache.html 

2. Headache [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 13]. Available from: https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/F_I/Headache 

3. Levin M. Herbal treatment of headache. Headache [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 Jul 13];52 Suppl 2:76–80. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23030536/ 

4. Healthdirect. Headaches – types, causes, migraines, treatment, prevention. [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 13]. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/headaches 

5. Better Health Channel. Headache [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 13]. Available from: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/headache#treatment-for-headaches 

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.

3

Coronavirus – Here’s Why You Need To Stay Alert!

The recent outbreak of coronavirus is a cause of global concern. It is very similar to the dangerous SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) that claimed the lives of hundreds of people in China and worldwide back in 2002-2003. The coronavirus death toll in China (the epicentre of the disease) has already reached 80.  

Should you be worried even if you don’t live in China or are not even travelling to that country? Yes, you still have reasons to worry! Because people who are coming into India from China – such as travellers and tourists may carry the virus. 

Here are a few things you should know about coronavirus:

What is coronavirus?

This virus looks like a crown and it affects humans, animals and birds alike. It spreads just like common cough and cold:

The emergence of the ERIS (EG.5.1) COVID variant, a descendant of Omicron, has led to a surge in infections globally, particularly in Asia and within India. In a recent survey, significant proportions of households in Karnataka, Delhi, and Maharashtra reported viral fever or COVID-like symptoms. The preventive measures remain same with masking, social distancing and vaccination.

Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS, MD

What are the signs?

Did you know that it is difficult to tell if a person has contracted coronavirus? This is because when you get coronavirus, the symptoms are similar to that of the flu and the common cold

The signs of coronavirus are:

Moreover, just like most cases of the flu or common cold, the symptoms disappear within a few days.  

However, in some cases, the virus spreads to the lower respiratory system, which is when the infection becomes dangerous. It can trigger pneumonia. 

Are certain groups of people at a higher risk?

Yes, certain risk factors make some people more vulnerable than others. People whose immunity is weak or those with heart problems as well as the elderly are more likely to contract pneumonia from coronavirus. 

How can doctors tell if it is coronavirus?

Now that WHO has sounded the alert for coronavirus, when you go to your doctor with the symptoms discussed earlier, your doctor will prescribe a blood test or nose and throat swab test to determine the presence of coronavirus. 

Is coronavirus treatable?

There is no vaccine for coronavirus. This illness is treated with antiviral medicines that inhibit the spread of the coronavirus. If the disease progresses to pneumonia, doctors will treat it with regular pneumonia medication like Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, aspirin and fluids. 

Prevention is better than cure

What can you do to minimize your risk of contracting coronavirus? Here are a few pointers:

Coronavirus is a growing menace and we should beware and stay cautious to defeat this illness. So stay alert and take the necessary precautions to protect yourself from this disease.

Assess Your Risk of COVID-19 with Coronavirus Risk Assessment Tool 

Disclaimer: The above information has been prepared by a qualified medical professional and may not represent the practices followed universally. The suggestions listed in this article constitute relatively common advice given to patients and since every patient is different, you are advised to consult your physician, if in doubt, before acting upon this information. Lupin Limited has only facilitated the distribution of this information to you in the interest of patient education and welfare.

Epileptic Seizures And Symptoms – The Caregiver’s Perspective

What Is Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is more common than most people realize. In the general population, approximately one person in a hundred has epilepsy. Although epilepsy is often considered a disorder of childhood, it can begin at any age, and in some people, it persists from childhood to old age. Epilepsy can affect people of all ages and all nationalities. The causes of epilepsy vary according to the age of the onset of epilepsy.

Diagnosis Of Epilepsy

The rate of newly diagnosed epilepsy is higher in elderly people than in middle-aged adults. The elderly are more sensitive than younger people to a variety of mental, physical and environmental stressors. They are also more likely to develop many medical, neurological and psychiatric disorders, some of which can make seizures more likely to occur. Such disorders include metabolic changes such as very high or very low blood sugar, very low sodium levels and endocrine disorders (for example, diabetes, thyroid or parathyroid disorders).

Epilepsy – A Caregiver’s Perspective

Caring for a person with epilepsy requires knowledge on a variety of topics. For example, it is important that you know the type of seizure the person you are caring for has so that you are knowledgeable on the proper first aid for that seizure. It is also important that you understand the treatments they are receiving and are aware of the other treatment options. The support and care of a caregiver can be invaluable in helping the individual to make informed decisions, to maintain a positive attitude, to adhere to medical advice, and live a full and rewarding life.

Ensuring Safety

Caregivers can be of great assistance in managing seizures and in ensuring the safety of the individual during and after the seizure. Most seizures last from seconds to minutes. This period results in the person temporarily experiencing fatigue, confusion, and/or a headache. Often the person will want to sleep. Talking reassuringly and staying with the person until he or she is re-oriented is important.

Promoting Well-Being

A person who has been diagnosed with epilepsy may experience a range of emotions such as anger, frustration and depression. Concern for the future and negative responses from friends and family can leave a person feeling vulnerable and alone. Depression is more common in individuals with epilepsy than it is in the general population. This could be due to psychosocial factors, the seizures themselves, and/or to seizure medication. As a caregiver, it is important to realize that mood changes can be a side effect of seizure medication or that a person who is distressed or is experiencing isolation may act out negatively as the result of frustration or anger. Being patient, encouraging the person to talk about his or her feelings with someone, and recording behaviour changes to provide to the doctor, are all helpful ways to promote well-being. If a person with epilepsy seems uncharacteristically depressed, encourage a visit to the doctor to discuss these feelings. The doctor may make adjustments in the seizure medication in order to determine whether these issues are due to medication side effects.

Working With the Health Care Team

Caregivers can assist the individual in complying with medical direction and can be actively involved in communicating with health care professionals.

Monitoring Epilepsy Seizure Symptoms

While some people are not able to identify specific events or circumstances that affect seizures, others are able to recognize definite seizure triggers. It is useful to monitor seizure triggers so that seizures can be avoided. Caregivers can assist an individual with epilepsy by helping to assess what triggers seizures and by helping the individual to avoid them.

Some common seizure triggers include:

Encouraging Participation

People with epilepsy can participate in most recreational activities and sports. These activities can enhance well-being and maintain health. There is some evidence that regular exercise may improve seizure control. Some activities are considered too dangerous and others pose some risk due to the possibility of head injury. Participation in recreational activities and sports should be discussed with the doctor.

Also Read: Foods to Avoid When Taking Lamotrigine: A Detailed Guide for Safe Consumption

Supporting The Person Within The Community

Caregivers can also facilitate the development of a support system for the individual within the community that involves family, friends, neighbours and professionals.

Disclaimer: The above information has been prepared by a qualified medical professional and may not represent the practices followed universally. The suggestions listed in this article constitute relatively common advice given to patients, and since every patient is different, you are advised to consult your physician, if in doubt, before acting upon this information. Lupin Limited has only facilitated the distribution of this information to you in the interest of patient education and welfare.

1

Decoding Computer Vision Syndrome: Know Its Symptoms & Treatment

Computer vision syndrome (CVS) or digital eye strain is a group of vision problems that develop due to the continuous use of digital appliances like computers, phones, tablets, e-readers and laptops. Most of us are glued to our computer or phone screens throughout the day. The problems increase for those who already suffer from vision problems, wear spectacles or lenses and those who are older. Due to the increased usage of phone and tablets by kids, even they are developing computer vision syndrome.

Why Does Computer Vision Syndrome Happen?

CVS happens because of the repetitive motion of the eyes over a period of time. The longer one continues the habit of extensive screen time, the problem gets worse. The eyes have to repeatedly adjust their focus as they continue reading over the computer screens. If you need to look at the paper then they have to again readjust their muscles to deal with changing images. With screen time, the problem increases as the eyes have to deal with glare, flickering and contrast on the screen. For those above 40 years of age, due to degeneration of the optic muscles, CVS becomes a real threat.

Resting the eyes for 15 minutes after two hours of continuous computer use is the best. if not possible 20-20-20 rule ie for every 20 minutes of computer viewing, look into the distance of atleast 20 ft away for 20 seconds to allow the eyes a chance to refocus. Frequent blinking to minimize the chances of developing dry eye when using a computer, try to blink frequently.

Dr. M.G. Kartheeka, MBBS, MD

Symptoms

Some symptoms of CVS are:

Ignoring the symptoms will increase the problem, so if you have any of these issues consult your doctor.

Most symptoms associated with CVS are temporary, and they go away a few hours after you stop using the digital screen. If problems leading to consistent eye strain are not resolved, repeated experience of these issues can lead to reduced visual acuity after stopping work on the screen, and this may get worse.

Dr. Ashish Bajaj – M.B.B.S, M.D.

Treatment

The severity of the symptoms that the patient experiences will depend on his visual ability, how much screen time they do if they have prior vision problems and their age. Many people experience a regression in the symptoms when they reduce their screen time or begin resting their eyes regularly. Doing certain things right helps to alleviate the problem.

Tips to Prevent Computer Vision Syndrome

Many people benefit from using eyeglasses or contact lenses specially prescribed for computer-related work. Those whose vision doesn’t improve with these may need vision therapy. The eye exercises help to improve the user’s experience of a computer. One is the 20-20-20 rule. In this after every twenty minutes, the person should look away at an object twenty feet away for twenty seconds.

Keep the screen 15-20 degrees lower than eye level and roughly about 28 inches away from the face. Keep the reference materials, if any, at screen level.

To avoid glare from the screen, adjust the position of the screen. Avoid keeping the screen against a window or a light source. Use an anti-glare screen if possible. Ensure that there is no overhead lighting above the screen. Change the factory settings of your screen to suit your needs. Adjust screen brightness, contrast and font size.

To avoid dry eyes, remember to blink frequently as it keeps the eye surface moist.

Getting a regular eye examination helps to recognize symptoms of CVS.   Also, get a regular eye exam for the kids.

Also Read: What is Marfan Syndrome: An Insight into Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational/awareness purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for medical treatment by a healthcare professional and should not be relied upon to diagnose or treat any medical condition. The reader should consult a registered medical practitioner to determine the appropriateness of the information and before consuming any medication. PharmEasy does not provide any guarantee or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of the information; and disclaims any liability arising thereof.

Links and product recommendations in the information provided here are advertisements of third-party products available on the website. PharmEasy does not make any representation on the accuracy or suitability of such products/services. Advertisements do not influence the editorial decisions or content. The information in this blog is subject to change without notice. The authors and administrators reserve the right to modify, add, or remove content without notification. It is your responsibility to review this disclaimer regularly for any changes.